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Application of Nano-materials in Textiles
Release Date:
2018/10/18
Nanometer is a unit of measurement of length, 1 nanometer (μm) is equal to one 1 billion of a meter, and nanoparticles generally refer to particles with a particle size between 0.1 and 100 μm.
The textile industry has become China's second largest export pillar industry, the current industry is mainly to win, only the continuous development of new products, improve the grade and function of the product, in order to obtain sustained and stable development. The progress of science and technology has always been the fundamental driving force for the upgrading of the global textile and garment industry, and nanotechnology has injected new vitality into the textile and garment industry.
Nanometer is a unit of measurement of length, 1 nanometer (μm) is equal to one 1 billion of a meter, and nanoparticles generally refer to particles with a particle size between 0.1 and 100 μm. Nanoparticles can show special properties in many aspects, such as optics, catalysis, chemical reaction, magnetism, melting point, vapor pressure, phase transition temperature, superconductivity and so on. At present, the application of nanomaterials in textiles mainly focuses on: antibacterial, antistatic, infrared, ultraviolet absorption and other functional aspects.
Functional textiles generally refer to textiles with other special functions beyond the traditional warmth, cover and beautification functions of textile products. With the development of science and technology and the improvement of people's living standards, the application of functional textiles has gradually penetrated into all areas of the national economy, showing an increasingly broad space for development, and its performance has not only been limited to a single function, but towards the direction of multi-function, high function and composite function.
According to the different functions of textiles, functional textiles can usually be divided into four categories: physical functional textiles, chemical functional textiles, material separation functional textiles and biological adaptation functional textiles.
According to their performance and use, functional textiles can be roughly divided into the following categories:
1. Finishing textiles: such as cotton, wool, silk, hemp and other regular fabrics through waterproof, anti-wrinkle, anti-fouling or anti-static, anti-corrosion and anti-mildew finishing, so as to have the above functions of textiles.
2. Protective functional textiles: such as textiles with protective functions such as anti-ultraviolet, anti-radiation, flame retardant, high temperature resistance, heat insulation, and sound insulation.
3. Suitability textiles: textiles with super comfort, super soft, quick drying, moisture permeability, high elasticity and other functions.
4. Health care textiles: textiles with antibacterial, antibacterial, far infrared emission, negative ion release and other health care functions.
5. Intelligent textiles: such as comfortable and breathable fabrics that can adjust the local temperature of the human body, phase change temperature-regulating fabrics, fabrics that can respond to changes in color, fabrics for life and health care systems, and bionic sports fabrics.
Due to the characteristics of surface effect, quantum size and volume effect, the electrical, mechanical, electromagnetic and optical properties of nanomaterials have changed greatly. Using nanotechnology, people continue to develop new chemical fibers with high performance (high strength, high modulus, high temperature resistance) and high function (moisture permeability, anti-static and electrical conductivity, ion exchange, antibacterial, biocompatibility, etc.). The multi-functional, high value-added functional nano-textiles made from this have huge economic and social benefits.
At present, there are three main ways to develop functional textiles with nanotechnology: (1) ultrafine fibers to reach nanoscale to meet the needs of special application fields, such as ultrafine fibers used as reinforcing materials for composite materials; (2) using nano materials to modify traditional materials, such as solution blending in wet spinning, that is, nanoparticles are added to dissolved polymers, stirred evenly, and then spun after polymerization; in the melt spinning, the nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed in the molten polymer to prepare functional fibers; (3) the fibers are functionalized by nano-finishing.
Its main applications are:
1. Anti-ultraviolet fiber. Solar damage to the human body is mainly in the 200 ~ 400nm band, nano TiO2, nano ZnO, nano SiO2, nano Al2O3, nano Fe2O3 and nano mica have the characteristics of absorbing ultraviolet light in this band, adding a small amount of nano particles to the chemical fiber, will produce the phenomenon of absorbing ultraviolet light, which can effectively protect the human body from ultraviolet damage. The main components of most anti-ultraviolet functional additives used at this stage are nano-TiO2, nano-ZnO and other chemical additives.
2. Antistatic fiber. Adding a small amount of nano particles in chemical fiber products, such as 0.1%~ 0.5% of nano TiO2, nano Cr2O3, nano ZnO, nano Fe2O3 and other powders with semiconductor properties into the resin, will produce good electrostatic shielding performance, greatly reduce the electrostatic effect, and improve the safety factor.
3. Anti-electromagnetic radiation fiber. With the development of microwave communication and information technology, electromagnetic radiation poses a great threat to human health. In the process of chemical fiber processing, some nano-particles such as nano-Fe2O3 and nano-NiO can be added to make anti-electromagnetic radiation fibers, which can strongly absorb electromagnetic radiation, thus playing a protective role on the human body.
4. Far infrared functional fiber. Composite powders of nano-Al2O3, TiO2, SiO2 and Fe2O3 combined with polymer fibers have strong absorption properties in the mid-infrared band and can be used to develop combat uniforms. Some nanoparticles, such as zirconia, can effectively absorb external energy and radiate far infrared rays that are the same as human biological waves, and have health care functions such as heat preservation, bacteriostasis, promotion of blood circulation, and enhancement of immunity.
5. Antibacterial, bacteriostatic, deodorant type chemical fiber fabric. Nano TiO2 as the main antibacterial, deodorant is widely used in textile fibers. It is mainly based on the photocatalytic reaction to decompose organic matter and has antibacterial and deodorant effects. Other metal particles, such as nano Ag, Cu, Fe, etc., can be deformed or precipitated by the release of trace metal ions and negatively charged bacterial proteins, so as to achieve bactericidal effect.
6. Flame retardant fabric. Most textile fibers are pretreated by adding flame retardants or reactive flame retardants to make them flame retardant. Nanoparticles are mainly used as flame retardant additives and fire extinguishing agents, such as ultrafine antimony pentoxide, ultrafine antimony oxide masterbatch, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, zinc borate, molybdenum compounds and tin compounds and other inorganic flame retardants. These materials decompose and vaporize in the flame to produce free radicals, and the free radicals produced by these nanomaterials interact with the free radicals produced by the combustion, thereby terminating the chain reaction and achieving the purpose of flame retardant.
7. Other fibers. In addition to the above applications, other applications of nanomaterials in functional textiles are: smart fibers, magnetic fibers, fluorescent anti-counterfeiting fibers and recycled fibers.
Nano-textiles have been favored by researchers and enterprises because of their superior performance. According to statistical data, industrial nano-textiles can not only meet domestic demand and gradually replace imported products, but also have increasingly rich types of exports. In 2010, the export volume of nano textiles increased by nearly 2 times compared with 2005. In 2010, the added value of nano textiles increased by 11.6 compared with 2009, and the growth rate of main nano textile production accelerated compared with 2009. 2012 is still growing, the next five years, China's textile industry in the "Twelfth Five-Year" textile science and technology development plan, put forward the textile industry's seven key tasks of scientific and technological progress, the first three are to attach importance to the research and development and manufacturing of new materials, and the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" content shows that mainland China's textile industry will continue to grow at an annual rate of 8%.
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